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EDIT :: class-wp-roles.php

<?php
/**
 * User API: WP_Roles class
 *
 * @package WordPress
 * @subpackage Users
 * @since 4.4.0
 */

/**
 * Core class used to implement a user roles API.
 *
 * The role option is simple, the structure is organized by role name that store
 * the name in value of the 'name' key. The capabilities are stored as an array
 * in the value of the 'capability' key.
 *
 *     array (
 *          'rolename' => array (
 *              'name' => 'rolename',
 *              'capabilities' => array()
 *          )
 *     )
 *
 * @since 2.0.0
 */
#[AllowDynamicProperties]
class WP_Roles {
	/**
	 * List of roles and capabilities.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 * @var array[]
	 */
	public $roles;

/**
	 * List of the role objects.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 * @var WP_Role[]
	 */
	public $role_objects = array();

/**
	 * List of role names.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 * @var string[]
	 */
	public $role_names = array();

/**
	 * Option name for storing role list.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 * @var string
	 */
	public $role_key;

/**
	 * Whether to use the database for retrieval and storage.
	 *
	 * @since 2.1.0
	 * @var bool
	 */
	public $use_db = true;

/**
	 * The site ID the roles are initialized for.
	 *
	 * @since 4.9.0
	 * @var int
	 */
	protected $site_id = 0;

/**
	 * Constructor.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 * @since 4.9.0 The `$site_id` argument was added.
	 *
	 * @global array $wp_user_roles Used to set the 'roles' property value.
	 *
	 * @param int $site_id Site ID to initialize roles for. Default is the current site.
	 */
	public function __construct( $site_id = null ) {
		global $wp_user_roles;

$this->use_db = empty( $wp_user_roles );

$this->for_site( $site_id );
	}

/**
	 * Makes private/protected methods readable for backward compatibility.
	 *
	 * @since 4.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $name      Method to call.
	 * @param array  $arguments Arguments to pass when calling.
	 * @return mixed|false Return value of the callback, false otherwise.
	 */
	public function __call( $name, $arguments ) {
		if ( '_init' === $name ) {
			return $this->_init( ...$arguments );
		}
		return false;
	}

/**
	 * Sets up the object properties.
	 *
	 * The role key is set to the current prefix for the $wpdb object with
	 * 'user_roles' appended. If the $wp_user_roles global is set, then it will
	 * be used and the role option will not be updated or used.
	 *
	 * @since 2.1.0
	 * @deprecated 4.9.0 Use WP_Roles::for_site()
	 */
	protected function _init() {
		_deprecated_function( __METHOD__, '4.9.0', 'WP_Roles::for_site()' );

$this->for_site();
	}

/**
	 * Reinitializes the object.
	 *
	 * Recreates the role objects. This is typically called only by switch_to_blog()
	 * after switching wpdb to a new site ID.
	 *
	 * @since 3.5.0
	 * @deprecated 4.7.0 Use WP_Roles::for_site()
	 */
	public function reinit() {
		_deprecated_function( __METHOD__, '4.7.0', 'WP_Roles::for_site()' );

$this->for_site();
	}

/**
	 * Adds a role name with capabilities to the list.
	 *
	 * Updates the list of roles, if the role doesn't already exist.
	 *
	 * The capabilities are defined in the following format: `array( 'read' => true )`.
	 * To explicitly deny the role a capability, set the value for that capability to false.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $role         Role name.
	 * @param string $display_name Role display name.
	 * @param bool[] $capabilities Optional. List of capabilities keyed by the capability name,
	 *                             e.g. `array( 'edit_posts' => true, 'delete_posts' => false )`.
	 *                             Default empty array.
	 * @return WP_Role|void WP_Role object, if the role is added.
	 */
	public function add_role( $role, $display_name, $capabilities = array() ) {
		if ( empty( $role ) || isset( $this->roles[ $role ] ) ) {
			return;
		}

$this->roles[ $role ] = array(
			'name'         => $display_name,
			'capabilities' => $capabilities,
		);
		if ( $this->use_db ) {
			update_option( $this->role_key, $this->roles, true );
		}
		$this->role_objects[ $role ] = new WP_Role( $role, $capabilities );
		$this->role_names[ $role ]   = $display_name;
		return $this->role_objects[ $role ];
	}

/**
	 * Removes a role by name.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $role Role name.
	 */
	public function remove_role( $role ) {
		if ( ! isset( $this->role_objects[ $role ] ) ) {
			return;
		}

unset( $this->role_objects[ $role ] );
		unset( $this->role_names[ $role ] );
		unset( $this->roles[ $role ] );

if ( $this->use_db ) {
			update_option( $this->role_key, $this->roles );
		}

if ( get_option( 'default_role' ) === $role ) {
			update_option( 'default_role', 'subscriber' );
		}
	}

/**
	 * Adds a capability to role.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $role  Role name.
	 * @param string $cap   Capability name.
	 * @param bool   $grant Optional. Whether role is capable of performing capability.
	 *                      Default true.
	 */
	public function add_cap( $role, $cap, $grant = true ) {
		if ( ! isset( $this->roles[ $role ] ) ) {
			return;
		}

$this->roles[ $role ]['capabilities'][ $cap ] = $grant;
		if ( $this->use_db ) {
			update_option( $this->role_key, $this->roles );
		}
	}

/**
	 * Removes a capability from role.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $role Role name.
	 * @param string $cap  Capability name.
	 */
	public function remove_cap( $role, $cap ) {
		if ( ! isset( $this->roles[ $role ] ) ) {
			return;
		}

unset( $this->roles[ $role ]['capabilities'][ $cap ] );
		if ( $this->use_db ) {
			update_option( $this->role_key, $this->roles );
		}
	}

/**
	 * Retrieves a role object by name.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $role Role name.
	 * @return WP_Role|null WP_Role object if found, null if the role does not exist.
	 */
	public function get_role( $role ) {
		if ( isset( $this->role_objects[ $role ] ) ) {
			return $this->role_objects[ $role ];
		} else {
			return null;
		}
	}

/**
	 * Retrieves a list of role names.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 *
	 * @return string[] List of role names.
	 */
	public function get_names() {
		return $this->role_names;
	}

/**
	 * Determines whether a role name is currently in the list of available roles.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $role Role name to look up.
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public function is_role( $role ) {
		return isset( $this->role_names[ $role ] );
	}

/**
	 * Initializes all of the available roles.
	 *
	 * @since 4.9.0
	 */
	public function init_roles() {
		if ( empty( $this->roles ) ) {
			return;
		}

$this->role_objects = array();
		$this->role_names   = array();
		foreach ( array_keys( $this->roles ) as $role ) {
			$this->role_objects[ $role ] = new WP_Role( $role, $this->roles[ $role ]['capabilities'] );
			$this->role_names[ $role ]   = $this->roles[ $role ]['name'];
		}

/**
		 * Fires after the roles have been initialized, allowing plugins to add their own roles.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_Roles $wp_roles A reference to the WP_Roles object.
		 */
		do_action( 'wp_roles_init', $this );
	}

/**
	 * Sets the site to operate on. Defaults to the current site.
	 *
	 * @since 4.9.0
	 *
	 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
	 *
	 * @param int $site_id Site ID to initialize roles for. Default is the current site.
	 */
	public function for_site( $site_id = null ) {
		global $wpdb;

if ( ! empty( $site_id ) ) {
			$this->site_id = absint( $site_id );
		} else {
			$this->site_id = get_current_blog_id();
		}

$this->role_key = $wpdb->get_blog_prefix( $this->site_id ) . 'user_roles';

if ( ! empty( $this->roles ) && ! $this->use_db ) {
			return;
		}

$this->roles = $this->get_roles_data();

$this->init_roles();
	}

/**
	 * Gets the ID of the site for which roles are currently initialized.
	 *
	 * @since 4.9.0
	 *
	 * @return int Site ID.
	 */
	public function get_site_id() {
		return $this->site_id;
	}

/**
	 * Gets the available roles data.
	 *
	 * @since 4.9.0
	 *
	 * @global array $wp_user_roles Used to set the 'roles' property value.
	 *
	 * @return array Roles array.
	 */
	protected function get_roles_data() {
		global $wp_user_roles;

if ( ! empty( $wp_user_roles ) ) {
			return $wp_user_roles;
		}

if ( is_multisite() && get_current_blog_id() !== $this->site_id ) {
			remove_action( 'switch_blog', 'wp_switch_roles_and_user', 1 );

$roles = get_blog_option( $this->site_id, $this->role_key, array() );

add_action( 'switch_blog', 'wp_switch_roles_and_user', 1, 2 );

return $roles;
		}

return get_option( $this->role_key, array() );
	}
}

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EDIT :: class-wp-roles.php